A Handbook of Japanese Grammar

Hiroko Storm

This book is intended for students who study Japanese as a second language, and teachers of the language. It is designed for those who seek a comprehensive understanding of multiple areas of Japanese.

Chapter 1 deals with pronunciation discussing syllable structures and accent. Chapter 2 deals with the writing system. Romanization and Japanese writing-kana and kanji are discussed. Chapter 3 discusses vocabulary including mechanisms of word formation. Chapter 4 deals with parts of speech. Especially, verbs, adjectives and particles are detailed. Chapter 5 examines various counters. There are numerous counters in Japanese, and which counter is used depends on the features of the items. Chapters 6 through 15 deal with sentences--word order, conditionals, double-nominative constructions, sentences with noun modifiers, comparatives and superlatives, causatives, passives, imperatives, potentials, and purpose expressions. These are explained with various example sentences. Chapter 16 discusses honorifics. Japanese is one of the languages which are rich in honorifics. Chapter 17 compares male and female speeches. In spoken Japanese, there are various differences between the two sexes.

Each topic is presented with a number. The numbers are consecutive from Chapter 1 through Chapter 17. Readers can locate a topic by the number shown in the detailed index.

ISBN 9783895867088. LINCOM Handbooks in Linguistics 18. 200pp. 2003.

Introduction to the Study of the Languages of the Caucasus

George Hewitt
SOAS, London

Chapter 1 Origins and Progress of the Study

The chapter includes a survey of those who have made the most significant contributions to our understanding of the nature of, and relations between, the relevant languages and notes some websites that offer sources of information.

Chapter 2 The Language-families and Individual Languages

The individual languages along with appropriate sociolinguistic data are here introduced.

Chapter 3 Phonological Systems

Consonant- and vowel-systems, with discussion of such interesting features as the level of minimalism in the North West Caucasian family and the differing consonantal inventories in the North East that one finds in the works of different commentators, are included here.

Chapter 4 Morphology

This is the first of the two central substantial chapters. It compares the ways in which the different families achieve their levels of complexity, with polysynthetic verbal systems coupled with minimal noun-morphology in the North West contrasting with complex nominal morphologies accompanied by relatively simply verbal structures in the North Central and North East, with South Caucasian occupying a middle area of reasonably complex verbal and nominal systems together.

Chapter 5 Syntax

This is the largest of the chapters and introduces material from members of all the families for all the major syntactic constructions. Since syntactic properties are normally not examined in detail in the traditional grammars produced by native linguists, the information contained here should be especially useful.

Chapter 6 Lexis

Some properties of word-formation are presented, especially the numerical systems.

Chapter 7 What Does the Future Hold?

There is is a discussion of the scripts employed for the literary languages of the region, and the opportunity is taken to stress views already expressed by the author as to the possibility of introducing a roman-based orthography that could be used to represent ANY of the northern languages. Failing this, a unified Cyrillic-based system is also discussed.

Appendix Kartvelian Preverbs

The book, which is dedicated to the memory of Helma van den Berg, who died during the final weeks of its preparation, is completed by a comprehensive list of references which should serve as a useful bibliography for anyone new to the subject.

Unlike G. Klimov's earlier introduction (available in both Russian and German translation), with its division into self-contained descriptions for the different language-families, information here is presented on a thematic basis.

George Hewitt FBA, is Professor of Caucasian Languages, NME Dept., SOAS.

ISBN 9783895867347. LINCOM Handbook in Linguistics H19. Hardbound. 420pp. 2004.

Etymologisches Wörterbuch des deutschen Grundwortschatzes

Hermann Bluhme
Universiteit Antwerpen

Sprache ist wie ein Fluß: Man hat nie dasselbe Wasser vor sich, aber immer denselben Fluß. Ein etymologisches Wörterbuch vereinigt beide Aspekte. Es zeigt die Wörter der Gegenwart und wie sie sich entwickelt haben, wie ihr Lautstand sich über die Jahrhunderte ändert und wie aus einer alten Bedeutung eine neue entsteht. Es löst den Widerspruch zwischen dem Wandel des Wortkörpers und der Konstante der Verständigung.

Das vorliegende Wörterbuch möchte noch etwas mehr leisten, nämlich
1. es zeigt die phonologischen und phonotaktischen Bedingungen des Lautwandels,
2. die Häufigkeit des Übergangs zwischen den verschiedenen Lauten,
3. die unterschiedliche Behandlung des eigenen Wortschatzes und der Lehnwörter,
4. eine Sammlung der Lehnwörter nach Ursprungssprachen,
5. es behandelt lautmalende Wörter als eine eigene Gruppe,
6. es enthält eine umfangreiche Liste von Palindromen,
7. die Wanderwege der Wörter über den europäischen Kontinent,
8. den Wortschatz nach 46 Bedeutungsfeldern geordnet und
9. die Zusammenhänge zwischen Wortbedeutungen und der Entlehnung von Kultur- und Naturgut,
10. die Beziehungen zwischen den Lauten des gesprochenen Wortes und den Buchstaben der Schrift.

Alle Angaben werden mit umfangreichen statistischen Darstellungen untermauert, sie gründen sich auf den deutschen Grundwortschatz von 3800 Morphemen, aus denen sich der gesamte deutsche Wortschatz ohne die Fremdwörter aufbauen läßt.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1 Vorwort
2 Anleitung
2.1 Neuhochdeutsch
2.2 Wortfeld
2.3 Lehnwörter
2.4 Verwandte Wörter
2.5 Althochdeutsch, Mittelhochdeutsch
2.6 Niederländisch, Mittelniederländisch
2.7 Englisch, Altenglisch
2.8 Germanisch
2.9 Lateinisch
2.10 Griechisch
2.11 Slavisch
2.12 Indogermanisch
2.13 Bemerkungen
2.14 Abkürzungen
3 Phonologie des Deutschen
3.1 Rechtschreibung und Graphik
3.1.1 Quantitätsangabe in der Rechtschreibung
3.2 Phonologisches System
3.2.1 Vokale
3.2.2 Konsonanten
3.3 Phonotaktik
3.3.1 Ubergangswahrscheinlichkeiten: absolute Frequenz
3.4 Wortanlaut und semantische Klasse
4 Wortverwandtschaft
5 Morphologie
5.1 Affixe
5.2 Wortzusammensetzungen
6 Onomatopoetika und Palindrome
6.1 Laut- und Bewegungsnachahmung
6.2 Onomatopoetika
6.3 Lautmalende Lehnwörter
6.4 Palindrome
6.4.1 Palindrome ohne Bedeutungsänderung
6.4.2 Palindrome mit Bedeutungsänderung
6.4.3 Palindrome mit Bedeutungsbeziehung
7 Lehnwörter
7.1 Wanderwege
7.2 Mundartwörter
7.3 Mundarteinflüsse
7.4 Entlehnungen aus dem Jiddischen
7.5 Andere Volksetymologien
7.6 Mehrfache Entlehnungen
8 Liste der Lehnwörter nach Sprachen
8.1 Altfranzösisch
8.2 Arabisch .
8.3 Baskisch (Vaskonisch)
8.4 Englisch
8.5 Französisch
8.6 Gallisch und Keltisch
8.7 Gotisch
8.8 Griechisch
8.9 Hebräisch
8.10 Italienisch
8.11 Jiddisch
8.12 Lateinisch
8.13 Mitteldeutsch
8.14 Ostmitteldeutsch
8.15 Westmitteldeutsch
8.16 Mittellateinisch
8.17 Mittelniederdeutsch
8.18 Mittelniederländisch
8.19 Niederdeutsch
8.20 Niederländisch und Flämisch
8.21 Oberdeutsch
8.22 Persisch
8.23 Pikardisch
8.24 Semitisch
8.25 Skandinavisch
8.26 Slavisch
8.27 Spanisch
8.28 Tschechisch
9 Die Einteilung des Wortschatzes nach der Wortbedeutung
9.1 Allgemeines
9.2 Der Wortschatz nach seinen Bedeutungsfeldern
9.3 Direkte Entlehnungen aus Nachbarsprachen
10 Der Wortschatz nach Bedeutungsfeldern
10.1 abs: Abstrakta
10.2 agr: Landwirtschaft
10.3 arb: Arbeiten
10.4 atm: Atem
10.5 bal: Ball, rund, dick
10.6 bau: Bau, Gebäude, Möbel
10.7 bit: Bitten
10.8 bon: Nutzpflanzen
10.9 bot: Pflanzen- und Pflanzenteile
10.10cup: Gefäße, Behälter
10.11emo: Emotionen, Gefühle
10.12erd: Erden, Steine
10.13ess: Essen und Trinken
10.14far: Farben
10.15feu: Feuer, Rauch
10.16fis: Fische, Wassertiere
10.17for: Formen
10.18gra: Grammatik, Affixe
10.19hol: Holz und Holzgeräte
10.20hum: Menschen
10.21int: Intelligenz, Klugheit, Dummheit
10.22kor: Körperteile: hum, zoo, Körpertätigkeiten
10.23kra: Krankheiten
10.24kul: Kultur
10.25lag: Lage
10.26lan: Landschaft
10.27lau: Laute, Geräusche, sprechen
10.28lug: Lug und Trug
10.29met: Metalle
10.30num: Zahlen, Quantität
10.31ohr: hören
10.32per: Persönlichkeit, Charakter
10.33see: Seefahrt, Schiffe
10.34seh: Sehen, Sicht
10.35sex: Fortpflanzung, Liebe
10.36sta: Zustand, Eigenschaft
10.37sto: Stoffe, Kleidung
10.38tra: Transport, Handel
10.39vog: Vögel
10.40waf: Waffen, Streit, Jagd
10.41wal: Verwaltung, Gewalt, Tod
10.42weg: Bewegung
10.43wer: Werkzeug, Geräte
10.44wet: Wetter, Zeiten
10.45zon: Nutz- und Haustiere .
10.46zoo: andere Tiere und Tierteile
11 Indogermanisch
12 Indogermanisch-semitische Beziehungen
13 Der Ursprung der Indogermanen
Anhang
Hauptteil

Tabellenverzeichnis
1 Abkürzungen von Sprachen und Namen
2 Andere Abkürzungen
3 Rechtschreibung und Graphik
4 Vokale
5 Langvokale mit -h
6 Konsonantenverdopplung
7 Übergangswahrscheinlichkeiten für Buchstaben im Morphem
8 Konsonanten
9 Morphemlänge
10 Übergangswahrscheinlichkeiten im Morphem: phonologisch
11 Morphembildung
12 Übergang Vokal zu Konsonant, Absolute Frequenz
13 Semantische Klasse und Wortanlaut
14 Produktive Suffixe
15 Unproduktive Suffixe
16 Vokale im Grundwortschatz
17 Konsonanten im Grundwortschatz
18 Palindrome mit Bedeutungsänderung
19 Ähnliche Konsonanten
20 Lehnwörter aus allen Sprachen
21 Der Wortschatz nach Bedeutungsfeldern
22 Wortfeld und Häuffigkeit
23 Wortfeld und Entlehnung
24 Phonemsystem des Indogermanischen
25 /l/r/-Laute
26 /t/-Endung
27 /nd/-Endung .
28 semitisches Lehngut
29 Chinesische Kontakte
30 Finnougrische Kontakte

ISBN 9783895868054 (Hardbound). LINCOM Handbücher der Sprachwissenschaft 20. 670 S. 2005.

Introducción a la morfofonología contemporánea

Rosa Ana Martín Vegas
Universidad de Salamanca

Las gramáticas históricas y la mayor parte de los tratados de morfología de las lenguas románicas no dedican a la morfofonología un capítulo particular. Tampoco hay muchos estudios teóricos extensos que centren su atención sobre las alternancias morfofonológicas. Este trabajo pretende cubrir esta laguna teórica recopilando, desde una visión crítica, todos aquellos factores que determinan la historia de estos fenómenos, que han sido tratados de forma dispar por las diferentes corrientes lingüísticas. De este modo, este estudio es una teoría de la morfofonología ejemplificada principalmente con casos de alternancias en español.

La investigación se estructura en dos dominios. 1) La primera parte es una reflexión teórica sobre la caracterización de los procesos morfofonológicos. Se presentan los problemas de delimitación de estas alternancias frente a otros tipos de alomorfia y se analizan los rasgos condicionantes de su historia. Se defiende la teoría del reanálisis frente a la segmentación morfemática, como posible explicación de la lexicalización y del cambio analógico de algunas alternancias. 2) La segunda parte es una historia de la morfofonología como disciplina teórica.

Se analiza de forma crítica el tratamiento descriptivo y/o explicativo que las distintas corrientes lingüísticas le han otorgado a las alternancias morfofonológicas a lo largo de la historia. Asimismo, se propone un modelo explicativo de corte cognitivista elaborado principalmente a partir de los presupuestos de la teoría natural, el modelo de organización léxica y morfológica de Bybee, el modelo analógico de Skousen y algunas investigaciones psicolingüísticas.

ISBN 9783895864636. LINCOM Handbooks in Linguistics 21. 232pp. 2006.

Handbook of Descriptive Language Knowledge

A Full-Scale Reference Guide for Typologists

Harald Hammarström
Chalmers University of Technology

This work is a balanced list of references to grammars aimed for typologists. It lists the most extensive grammatical description for the best documented language of each genetic subfamily. If there are several descriptions/languages of more or less the same depth and scope, only one or two of them are explicitly listed, the rest being traceable via references. Previously there has been an oft-noted lack of such a list that is unbiased, comprehensive and up-to-date.

All known reported languages, whether living or dead, are accounted for by pointers to publications with information on the language. The listing is headed with clear definitions on what is included, information on related language listings, statistics on the documentation of languages, and some information on the issues of language description in general.

ISBN 9783895863837. LINCOM Handbooks in Linguistics 22. 312pp. 2007.

Quantitative and Experimental Linguistics

David Eddington (ed.)
Brigham Young University

Recent technological advances, coupled with the adoption of research methods from fields such as psychology, neurology, and computer science, had resulted in a boom in studies that employ experiments and quantitative means to explore questions of linguistic structure and processing. This volume addresses a number of these fields: sociolinguistics, connectionism, exemplar models, experimental phonetics, chronometric experiments, non-chronometric experiments, neuroimaging, and usage-based models.

Although a wealth of information exists in each field, most of what is available is written to investigate a research question and is not meant as an introduction to a particular field or its methodologies. The present volume is designed to fill this need. It is not meant to detail what the state-or-the-art in the fields is. Instead, it serves as a reference work for those who are interested in learning more about experimental and quantitative approaches to linguistics, or a particular sub-branch of these. The chapters are designed to introduce the reader into the field, and the methods commonly employed, as well as illustrating some of the issues examined, and pointing the way to further studies.

Contents

Preface

Linguistics and the Scientific Method
David Eddington

Sociolinguistics
Wendy Baker

Connectionism
Patrick Juola

Exemplar-based Models
Steve Chandler

Experimental Phonetics
Caroline Smith

Chronometric Psycholinguistic Techniques: Timing the Lexicon
Gary Libben

Non-chronometric Experiments in Linguistics
Bruce L. Derwing & Roberto G. de Almeida

Neuroimaging of Speech and Language
Martin Meyer

Usage-based Models of Language
Joyce Tang Boyland

ISBN 9783895867378 (Hardcover). LINCOM Handbooks in Linguistics 23. 428 pp. 2009.

A Detailed Analysis of Moroccan Secret Languages. Vol I

Nasser Berjaoui

Ibn Tofail University, Kénitra, Morocco

The aim of this book (which contains two volumes) is to analyze fourteen Moroccan Arabic (MA) “secret languages” (“SLs”). These spread in the Moroccan regions of Azrou, Dar El Guedari, Kénitra, Khémisset and Souk Larbaa (cf. the relevant maps in the map index, Vol. II). In these works, which are follow-ups of ten previous books on MA “SLs”, we will tackle the secretizing of numerous types of MA structures with a consideration of prefixless words, prefixed affirmative forms, prefixed negated items, miscellaneous functional words, and syntactic structures. The fourteen “SLs” are classified in terms of their secretizing mechanisms: seven Inversion “SLs”, four Substitution-Pseudo-Suffixation “SLs”, two Pseudo-Infixation “SLs” and one Re-Patterning “SL”.

Table of contents

ABSTRACT
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ABBREVIATIONS
TRANSCRIPTION SYMBOLS

I- INTRODUCTORY BACKGROUNDS

1- OBJECTIVES
2- TERMINOLOGICAL NOTES
3- RELEVANCE NOTES
4- DIVERSITY
5- FIELD-WORK PROBLEMS
6- METHODOLOGICAL BACKGROUND

a- Data collection
b- Reliability
c- The questionnaire

7- THE MOROCCAN LINGUISTIC SITUATION
8- REGIONS BACKGROUND INFORMATION

a- Preliminaries
b- Azrou
c- Dar El Guedari
d- Kénitra
e- Khémisset
f- Souk Larbaa
g- MA and A/B in the regions

9- LITERATURE REVIEW
10- FINAL REMARKS

II- A BACKGROUND TO THE “ĠAWŞ”

1- PRELIMINARIES
2- FAMILY
3- NAMING NOTES
4- GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTIONS
5- SPATIAL DISTRIBUTIONS
6- COMMUNITIES OF USE
7- USERS. INFORMATION
8- COMMUNICATION TUNNELS
9- LEARNING METHODS
10- FUNCTIONS
11- TOPICS
12- FINAL REMARKS

PART ONE: THE INVERSION “ĠAWŞ” OF AZROU

PRELIMINARIES

I- ENCODING OF PREFIXLESS WORDS

1- PRELIMINARIES
2- NOUNS
3- PROPER NAMES
4- DIMINUTIVES
5- PREDICATIVE ADJECTIVES
6- ATTRIBUTIVE ADJECTIVES
7- ACTIVE PARTICIPLES
8- VERBS (FORM 1)
9- FINAL REMARKS

II- ENCODING OF PREFIXED WORDS

PRELIMINARIES
A- AFFIRMATIVE FORMS
1- PRELIMINARIES
2- PASSIVE PARTICIPLES
3- VERBS (FORM 1)
4- VERBS (FORM 2)
5- DEFINED NOUNS
6- FINAL REMARKS
B- NEGATIVE FORMS
1- PRELIMINARIES
2- NEGATED PREFIXED FORMS
3- FINAL REMARKS

III- ENCODING OF MISCELLANEOUS PARTS OF SPEECH

1- PRELIMINARIES
2- LONG PARTS OF SPEECH
3- SHORT PARTS OF SPEECH
4- LENGTHENED PARTS OF SPEECH
5- FINAL REMARKS

IV- ENCODING OF SYNTACTIC STRUCTURES

PRELIMINARIES
A- AFFIRMATIVE FORMS
1- PRELIMINARIES
2- SYNTACTIC STRUCTURES
3-THE DEFINITE ARTICLE
4- FINAL REMARKS
B- NEGATIVE FORMS
1- PRELIMINARIES
2- SENTENCES
3- FINAL REMARKS

PART TWO: THE INVERSION “ĠAWŞ” OF KHÉMISSET

PART THREE: THE INVERSION “ĠAWŞ” ONE OF DAR EL GUEDARI

PART FOUR: THE INVERSION “ĠAWŞ” TWO OF DAR EL GUEDARI

PART FIVE: THE INVERSION “ĠAWŞ” THREE OF DAR EL GUEDARI

PART SIX: THE INVERSION “ĠAWŞ” FOUR OF DAR EL GUEDARI

PART SEVEN: THE INVERSION “ĠAWŞ” FIVE OF DAR EL GUEDARI

PART EIGHT: THE SUBSTITUTION-PSEUDO-SUFFIXATION X…LCA “ĠAWŞ” ONE OF KÉNITRA

PART NINE: THE SUBSTITUTION-PSEUDO-SUFFIXATION X…B.LCA “ĠAWŞ” TWO OF KÉNITRA

PART TEN: THE SUBSTITUTION-PSEUDO-SUFFIXATION X…XINCA “ĠAWŞ” THREE OF KÉNITRA

PART ELEVEN: THE SUBSTITUTION-PSEUDO-SUFFIXATION X…CA “ĠAWŞ” FOUR OF KÉNITRA

PART TWELVE: THE -UV-PSEUDO-INFIXATION “ĠAWŞ” OF SOUK LAARBAA

PART THIRTEEN: THE -ANKUN-PSEUDO-INFIXATION “ĠAWŞ” FIVE OF KÉNITRA

PART FOURTEEN: THE MCICəC WICəC RE-PATTERNING “ĠAWŞ” SIX OF KÉNITRA

PART FIFTEEN: CONCLUDING RULES

PART SIXTEEN: MESSAGE DELIVERY RATES

THE QUESTIONNAIRES

MAP INDEX

BIBLIOGRAPHY

ISBN 9783862880287. LINCOM Handbooks in Linguistics 24. 1189pp. (Vol. I & II) Published in two volumes. 2010.

A Detailed Analysis of Moroccan Secret Languages. Vol II

Nasser Berjaoui

Ibn Tofail University, Kénitra, Morocco

The aim of this book (which contains two volumes) is to analyze fourteen Moroccan Arabic (MA) “secret languages” (“SLs”). These spread in the Moroccan regions of Azrou, Dar El Guedari, Kénitra, Khémisset and Souk Larbaa (cf. the relevant maps in the map index, Vol. II). In these works, which are follow-ups of ten previous books on MA “SLs”, we will tackle the secretizing of numerous types of MA structures with a consideration of prefixless words, prefixed affirmative forms, prefixed negated items, miscellaneous functional words, and syntactic structures. The fourteen “SLs” are classified in terms of their secretizing mechanisms: seven Inversion “SLs”, four Substitution-Pseudo-Suffixation “SLs”, two Pseudo-Infixation “SLs” and one Re-Patterning “SL”.

Table of contents

ABSTRACT
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ABBREVIATIONS
TRANSCRIPTION SYMBOLS

I- INTRODUCTORY BACKGROUNDS

1- OBJECTIVES
2- TERMINOLOGICAL NOTES
3- RELEVANCE NOTES
4- DIVERSITY
5- FIELD-WORK PROBLEMS
6- METHODOLOGICAL BACKGROUND

a- Data collection
b- Reliability
c- The questionnaire

7- THE MOROCCAN LINGUISTIC SITUATION
8- REGIONS BACKGROUND INFORMATION

a- Preliminaries
b- Azrou
c- Dar El Guedari
d- Kénitra
e- Khémisset
f- Souk Larbaa
g- MA and A/B in the regions

9- LITERATURE REVIEW
10- FINAL REMARKS

II- A BACKGROUND TO THE “ĠAWŞ”

1- PRELIMINARIES
2- FAMILY
3- NAMING NOTES
4- GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTIONS
5- SPATIAL DISTRIBUTIONS
6- COMMUNITIES OF USE
7- USERS. INFORMATION
8- COMMUNICATION TUNNELS
9- LEARNING METHODS
10- FUNCTIONS
11- TOPICS
12- FINAL REMARKS

PART ONE: THE INVERSION “ĠAWŞ” OF AZROU

PRELIMINARIES

I- ENCODING OF PREFIXLESS WORDS

1- PRELIMINARIES
2- NOUNS
3- PROPER NAMES
4- DIMINUTIVES
5- PREDICATIVE ADJECTIVES
6- ATTRIBUTIVE ADJECTIVES
7- ACTIVE PARTICIPLES
8- VERBS (FORM 1)
9- FINAL REMARKS

II- ENCODING OF PREFIXED WORDS

PRELIMINARIES
A- AFFIRMATIVE FORMS
1- PRELIMINARIES
2- PASSIVE PARTICIPLES
3- VERBS (FORM 1)
4- VERBS (FORM 2)
5- DEFINED NOUNS
6- FINAL REMARKS
B- NEGATIVE FORMS
1- PRELIMINARIES
2- NEGATED PREFIXED FORMS
3- FINAL REMARKS

III- ENCODING OF MISCELLANEOUS PARTS OF SPEECH

1- PRELIMINARIES
2- LONG PARTS OF SPEECH
3- SHORT PARTS OF SPEECH
4- LENGTHENED PARTS OF SPEECH
5- FINAL REMARKS

IV- ENCODING OF SYNTACTIC STRUCTURES

PRELIMINARIES
A- AFFIRMATIVE FORMS
1- PRELIMINARIES
2- SYNTACTIC STRUCTURES
3-THE DEFINITE ARTICLE
4- FINAL REMARKS
B- NEGATIVE FORMS
1- PRELIMINARIES
2- SENTENCES
3- FINAL REMARKS

PART TWO: THE INVERSION “ĠAWŞ” OF KHÉMISSET

PART THREE: THE INVERSION “ĠAWŞ” ONE OF DAR EL GUEDARI

PART FOUR: THE INVERSION “ĠAWŞ” TWO OF DAR EL GUEDARI

PART FIVE: THE INVERSION “ĠAWŞ” THREE OF DAR EL GUEDARI

PART SIX: THE INVERSION “ĠAWŞ” FOUR OF DAR EL GUEDARI

PART SEVEN: THE INVERSION “ĠAWŞ” FIVE OF DAR EL GUEDARI

PART EIGHT: THE SUBSTITUTION-PSEUDO-SUFFIXATION X…LCA “ĠAWŞ” ONE OF KÉNITRA

PART NINE: THE SUBSTITUTION-PSEUDO-SUFFIXATION X…B.LCA “ĠAWŞ” TWO OF KÉNITRA

PART TEN: THE SUBSTITUTION-PSEUDO-SUFFIXATION X…XINCA “ĠAWŞ” THREE OF KÉNITRA

PART ELEVEN: THE SUBSTITUTION-PSEUDO-SUFFIXATION X…CA “ĠAWŞ” FOUR OF KÉNITRA

PART TWELVE: THE -UV-PSEUDO-INFIXATION “ĠAWŞ” OF SOUK LAARBAA

PART THIRTEEN: THE -ANKUN-PSEUDO-INFIXATION “ĠAWŞ” FIVE OF KÉNITRA

PART FOURTEEN: THE MCICəC WICəC RE-PATTERNING “ĠAWŞ” SIX OF KÉNITRA

PART FIFTEEN: CONCLUDING RULES

PART SIXTEEN: MESSAGE DELIVERY RATES

THE QUESTIONNAIRES

MAP INDEX

BIBLIOGRAPHY

ISBN 9783862880294. LINCOM Handbooks in Linguistics 25. 1189pp. (Vol. I & II) Published in two volumes. 2010.