RECEPTORES Y BENEFICIARIOS: ESTUDIO TIPOLÓGICO DE LA DITRANSITIVIDAD

Carmen Conti
Universidad de Jaén

Este libro ofrece un estudio tipológico-funcional de las construcciones sintácticas en las que aparecen codificados los argumentos de receptor y beneficiario, además de sus posibles conexiones con el maleficiado. En concreto, se analizan las distintas vías de marcación y codificación de estos papeles semánticos en un corpus de 100 lenguas, formado a partir de los criterios de diversidad propuestos por Rijkhoff y Bakker (1998). El libro se detiene especialmente en la tipificación y análisis de las construcciones aplicativas benefactivas y del marco de doble objeto (o ascenso de dativo), que reciben una explicación teórica dentro del modelo de la Gramática del Papel y la Referencia (o Role and Reference Grammar).

El libro consta de un total de cuatro capítulos, dos apéndices (en los que se presentan los criterios empleados en la formación del corpus y se recogen los ejemplos del corpus), una lista de glotónimos inglés-español y un índice de materias, además de un apartado bibliográfico. El capítulo 1 trata los conceptos de ditransitividad, las características principales de los verbos de transferencia y los rasgos léxicos de los papeles de receptor y beneficiario. En el capítulo 2, se presentan las lenguas del corpus y se clasifican los ejemplos obtenidos. El capítulo 3 se centra en el estudio de las construcciones de doble objeto y el 4, en las construcciones aplicativas benefactivas.

ISBN 9783 895861147. Languages of the World 35. 270pp. 2008.

ETUDE CONTRASTIVE ARABE /FRANCAIS

CAS DE LA RELATIVE

Houriya Bouarich
Ibn Tofail University, Kénitra, Morocco

Cette étude porte sur une comparaison du fonctionnement syntaxique des relatives en arabe et en français. L’attention est focalisée, principalement, dans le cas de la langue arabe, sur « LLadi » et ses dérivés dont les équivalents en langue française sont à la fois les pronoms relatifs simples et composés. Toutefois, pour des raisons de commodités méthodologiques, seuls « qui » et « que » sont pris en compte.

Le travail s’est astreint à l’arabe et au français, deux langues éloignées l’une de l’autre tant au niveau morphosyntaxique qu’au niveau phonologique, vu leur appartenance respective aux familles Chamito-sémitique et Indo-Européenne.

Ce travail consiste surtout à montrer que certains faits syntaxiques ( la détermination, l'anaphore, l'adjectivisation …),caractérisent la relative et lui apportent un éclaircissement certain.

Par ailleurs, chez les anciens grammairiens arabes, la relative n'obéit à aucune systématisation ou souci de classification, en ce sens qu'ils traitent une question donnée tantôt d'un point de vue syntaxique, tantôt d'un point de vue sémantique. Aussi, leur entreprise comporte-t-elle un mélange de syntaxe, de sémantique et de logique. Ceci est dû au fait que trois disciplines se sont conjuguées pour marquer leur esprit : le " fiqh " ; le " kalam" et la logique. Ces disciplines ont permis à ces grammairiens d'avoir une vue d'ensemble des données de la langue arabe, et par là, de comprendre ses mécanismes généraux.

Houriya Bouarich, professeur de l’enseignement supérieur à la Faculté des Lettres et des Sciences Humaines, Université Ibn Tofail de Kénitra Maroc. Dipolmée de l’université de ParisVII Jussieu, U E R de Linguistique ; Doctorat en syntaxe. Diplomée en Linguistique et didactique des langues de l’Université Mohamed V, Rabat; Doctorat d’Etat. Auteur de plusieurs publications ayant trait à la linguistique, la didactique et le genre.

ISBN 9783895862274. Languages of the World 36. 132pp. 2008.

Languages and Parliaments

Heiko F. Marten
FU Berlin/Reseknes Augstskola

The central question of Marten's volume is how languages and parliaments interact, and what role a parliamentary institution can play within language policy. This question is addressed in particular in the context of minority languages and language revitalisation processes. Based on in-depth research of parliamentary documents and interviews with policy makers, scholars, and language activists from Scotland and Norway, the study investigates how the establishment of the decentralised Scottish Parliament and the parliamentary assembly for the Sámi population in Norway, the Sameting, have generated increased efforts of language maintenance of the Gaelic and Sámi languages respectively.

For this purpose, Marten on the one hand contrasts the situations before and after the establishment of these two parliaments in 1999 and 1989 respectively, and on the other hand compares the developments in the two countries in the light of the different political structures in Scotland and Norway. The study illustrates how negotiations take place between supportive and reluctant policy makers in the two parliamentary contexts and shows how they have eventually resulted in a higher level of empowerment of the two speech communities. As a result, the volume therefore shows that a decentralisation of parliaments can indeed lead to increased language maintenance efforts, albeit within certain limits. Parliamentary decentralisation is thus identified to be one piece within the large puzzle of minority language policy. As such, it is related to the theoretical literature on minority languages by suggesting an additional component in the evaluation of minority language situations.

ISBN 9783895862984. Languages of the World 37. 360pp. 2009.

Burushaski as an Indo-European Kentum Language

Reflexes of the Indo-European Gutturals in Burushaski

Ilija Čašule
Macquarie University

This monograph focuses specifically on the original Burushaski Indo-European (non-Indo-Iranian) vocabulary that contains the reflexes of the Indo-European gutturals (the plain velars, labiovelars and palatovelars). It provides a full etymological analysis of some 150 autochthonous Burushaski stems (with many derivatives), mostly belonging to its core vocabulary, and establishes the correlations with the various Indo-European branches.

The evidence shows that in the Burushaski language, the Indo-European labiovelars and palatovelars have coalesced with the velars, i.e. the plain velars are the only reflexes of the whole guttural series, thus revealing Burushaski to be an Indo-European kentum language.

This work follows a series of studies where the author has shown full systematic correspondences of the Burushaski phonological system with Indo-European in over 500 lexical stems, and more importantly, grammatical correspondences in the nominal, pronominal (personal and demonstrative), adjectival, numeral and the entire verbal system.

It advances further the position of the author that Burushaski is no longer an isolate but rather a North-Western Indo-European language that shows greatest affinity with Balto-Slavic, Germanic and Albanian on the one hand, and with the Paleobalkanic languages (Phrygian, Thracian and Ancient Macedonian) on the other.

ISBN 9783895865947. Languages of the World 38. 115p. 2010.

An Introduction to Vlach Grammar

John Marangozis
National Technical University of Athens

This work presents a summary of the Vlach Grammar in English and Greek. The Vlach language is defined as the language of the Latinophone nomads inhabiting the Pindos Mountains in HEPEIROS. This language has been spoken since the 2nd century B.C. and it has been sporadically written since the 16th century AD. The Latinophones were spread into small groups of people appointed by the Romans to guard the mountain passages of the Roman Empire. They turned into nomadic life out of necessity. Typical among those people were “the Hepeirotes”, or the inhabitants of Hepeiros, the mainland in the northwest corner of Greece, the descendants of the ancient Mollossoi and Haones.

After the fall of the Roman Empire, the latinophones abandoned the lowland city centers and inhabited the mountain and forested areas, where they resumed-again-nomadic life. The Hepeirotes nomads reached the maximum of their economic development in the 17th century A.D. Despite their wealth, they maintained a low preference for their personal education and the education of their children. They maintained that all the nomads needed was only some ability to read and write and to carry out some arithmetical operations. However, what they refused to themselves, they gave abundantly to their fellow countrymen. It is well known that the “Hepeirotes”, the Vlachs, as they called themselves, carried out extensive profitable trade abroad, in Eastern Europe, in the Balkans, in the Ottoman Empire, in Egypt, and elsewhere. They donated huge amounts of their profits to trusted funds in their mother country which they invested in Public Health by building Hospitals, in Education, (Primary, Secondary and even Post-Secondary) by building Teachers Colleges, Supreme quality Lyceums or High Schools) and Technical Schools. Widely known are their names, because they exist even to-day: Zosimaia Academia, Metsovion Polytechneion, Arsakeion, Zappeion, Bageion and others, were the names of national foundations established by Epeirotes-benefactors for the national (Greek)-benefit.

However, the development of the Vlach language was neglected. The Epeirotes lived in the midst of other Greek, who used their superior language as their means of communication, a tool for skilful writing, and a beautiful medium for expression, the Greek language.

Vlach Grammar has the fundamental structure and the basic rules of Latin and it shows that it has had some contact with Romanian, as well as it bears extensive signs of contact with Greek to a sizeable fraction of its vocabulary. So, Vlach in a first approach, was compared with Latin and Romanian and similarities and differences observed were pointed out. Grammar rules observed were collected laboriously and were listed in the paragraphs in a logical manner. The result that came out is an “amateur’s Grammar” of an “amateur’s Language”.

Το ανά χείρας βιβλίο παρουσιάζει μια εισαγωγή στη Βλάχικη Γραμματική γραμμένη στα Ελληνικά, και επίσης, στα Αγγλικά. Τούτο γίνεται για να παρουσιασθεί το θέμα τόσο στο διεθνή αναγνωστικό κοινό όσο και στο Ελληνικό. Η Βλάχικη γλώσσα ορίζεται ως η γλώσσα των νομάδων της ΠΙΝΔΟΥ, η οποία σποραδικά μόνο γραφόταν μετά τον 16ο αιώνα π.Χ. Οι νομάδες αυτοί παλαιότερα ήταν εντολοδόχοι της Ρωμαϊκής Αυτοκρατορίας να φυλάνε «τις κλεισούρες και τα περάσματα» ή τα «δερβένια» που ελέγχανε τα βουνά της Πίνδου. Οι «Ηπειρώτες» αυτοί νομάδες έμαθαν να ομιλούν μια στοιχειώδη Λατινική διάλεκτο και γι’ αυτό ονομάστηκαν Λατινόφωνες. Ήταν άνθρωποι εργατικοί, δραστήριοι, πατριώτες, με οργανωτικές ικανότητες, και μπόρεσαν να αποκτήσουν το μάξιμουμ των περιουσιών τους στα μέσα του 17ου αιώνα. Πάντως, παρά τα πλούτη τους, είχαν χαμηλές βλέψεις για την παιδεία αυτών ή των παιδιών τους, διότι επικρατούσε μεταξύ των τσελιγκάδων η άποψη ότι μικρή ήταν η ανάγκη δια γραφή και ανάγνωση και ολίγες αριθμητικές πράξεις. Τούτο όμως δεν τους εμπόδισε να δώσουν πλουσιοπάροχα την ενίσχυσή τους δωρίζοντας μεγάλα ποσά από τα κέρδη τους στο διεθνές εμπόριο που ασκούσαν στο εξωτερικό. Ίδρυσαν Νοσοκομεία, Σχολεία, Ανώτερα Εκπαιδευτήρια, Λύκεια, παρέχοντας Εθνική Ευεργεσία, και Δημόσιο Όφελος. Πάντως, δια την ανάπτυξη της Βλάχικης Γλώσσας, του ιδιώματος δηλαδή που μιλούσαν στα σπίτια τους, δεν φρόντισαν καθόλου.

Η Βλάχικη Γραμματική έχει τη βασική δομή και τους κανόνες της Λατινικής και δείχνει ίχνη επαφής με το Ρουμανικό ιδίωμα και φέρει εκτεταμένες ενδείξεις επαφής με τα Ελληνικά σε σημαντικό ποσοστό του Λεξιλογίου.

Ομοιότητες ή διαφορές της Βλάχικης γλώσσας με τις γειτονικές γλώσσες καταγράφηκαν σε αριθμημένες παραγράφους. Το αποτέλεσμα που προέκυψε ήταν «μια ερασιτεχνική Γραμματική», για μια «ερασιτεχνική γλώσσα».

Contents

Abstract (Αγγλικά)
Περίληψη (Ελληνικά)
Preface
Πρόλογος
§ 1. Historical Introduction
§ 2. Diaspora of Latinophones

CHAPTER 1: VLACH ALPHABET AND VLACH SCRIPTURE

§ 3. Vlach alphabet and Vlach scripture
Table 1-2 § 4. Comparative Listing of Alphabets of the Greek, Latin, Vlach and Romanian languages
§ 5. The 2nd-Trial-Vlach Alphabet
§ 6. Useful additions to this Alphabet
§ 7. Other modified letters in a forty-letter alphabet present great difficulty in its application

CHAPTER 2: VLACH PHONOLOGY

§ 8. Vlach Phonology
§ 9. Latin Phonology
§ 10. Latin Diphthongi
§ 11. Division of Consonants
§ 12. Vlach Diphthongi
§ 13. The pronunciation of Vlach Letters and Dipthongis
§ 14. Vlach Consonants – Pronunciation
§ 15. Rubbed (Τριβόμενα)
§ 16. Vlach Verbs
§ 17. Verbs syntaxed with elements I, II, etc.
§ 18. Comparative Grammar Terms in Various Languages
§ 19. Comparison of Verbs in Vlach, Latin, Romanian (Tab. 2-1)
§ 20. Σύγκριση Βλάχικων Ρημάτων Table 1-3

CHAPTER 3: MORPHOLOGY

§ 21. Morphology
§ 22. Parts of the speech of the nouns
§ 23. Prima declination of the nouns
§ 24. Vlach Glossary I-Elementary
§ 25. Dairy Products
§ 26. Foodstuff
§ 27. Arts - Technology
§ 28. Fruit Trees
§ 29. Food
§ 30. Vegetable
§ 31. Ευχές - Κατάρες
§ 32. Animals- Birds - Serpents
§ 33. Greek Loan Words
§ 34. Dress - Commerce
§ 35. Miscellaneous
§ 36. Clothes – Imports
§ 37. Μικρές Βλάχικες Φρασούλες (Small Vlach Expressions)
§ 38. The in-laws and the bride
§ 39. An example of understanding and knowing the language
§ 40. Vlach Grammar
§ 41. Vlach vowels
§ 42. The Article
§ 43. Numerals
§ 44. Vlach Calendar
§ 45. Weather – Time
§ 46. Geographic – Geologic
§ 47. Body Parts

CHAPTER 4: VLACHS AND THE GREEK REVOLUTION OF 1821

ΠΟΛΕΜΙΚΑ ΤΡΑΓΟΥΔΙΑ – ΕΠΙΚΗ ΠΟΙΗΣΗ

BIBLIOGRAPHY

INDEX – ΕΥΡΕΤΗΡΙΟ

GLOSSARY

ISBN 9783895868979. Languages of the World 39. 158 pp. 2010.

LA LENGUA ÁRABE EN SAN ANDRÉS ISLA

Carlos Jair Martínez Albarracín
Universidad Nacional de Colombia

El estudio da cuenta de la presencia de la lengua árabe en San Andrés Isla, de las principales características sociales de la comunidad de habla que la usa en la cotidianidad como es la historia, la distribución poblacional, la economía y el sistema de creencias. Se presenta una referencia sobre la situación lingüística de la comunidad en la que se describen las principales características fonológicas del dialecto árabe libanés y el árabe clásico usados por la comunidad de habla árabe.

Se realiza un acercamiento a la dinámica del uso lingüístico en diferentes contextos y con diferentes actores. Se hace referencia a la situación de diglosia árabe, en esta se hace énfasis en la distribución funcional y el prestigio del árabe clásico. Se presenta una referencia sobre la situación del bilingüismo árabe/castellano en la comunidad en la que destaca la adquisición lingüística, el transito por el bilingüismo a través de la vida y algunas características derivadas del uso lingüístico en bilingües como es la alternancia lingüística en las modalidades del cambio y la mezcla de códigos.

ISBN 9783862880386. Languages of the World 40. 183pp. 2011.

A Structural Analysis of Moroccan Arabic and English Intra-Sentential Code Switching

Najat Benchiba-Savenius
SOAS, London

A Structural Analysis of Moroccan Arabic and English Intra-Sentential Code Switching is a critical investigation of the merging of two typologically dissimilar languages, Moroccan Arabic and English as spoken in the UK by speakers of the Moroccan community. Such a phenomenon occurs when speakers use a code-switched style during bilingual discourse resulting in the merging of two grammars. This volume explores linguistic differences amongst speakers of different generational groups in the British-Moroccan community. An innovative form of syntax termed 'Reactive Syntax' is presented together with theoretical and practical analysis of new data.

Najat Benchiba-Savenius explores sound observations in bilingualism and provides unique data throughout this major study. This is explored in full and corroborated by sound empirical evidence gathered during the course of this study. The grammatical outcome of such code switched utterances is quantitatively and qualitatively detailed through natural parsing by bilingual speakers of Moroccan Arabic and English. The main theories and syntactic approaches to intra-sentential code switching are examined and previous research and theoretical models are also challenged.

This investigation is a useful tool in language contact, bilingualism, psycholinguistics and sociolinguistics in general. It is particularly of interest in the field of syntax, general and complex morphology as well as bilingual studies.

ISBN 9783862880454. Languages of the World 41. 323pp. 2011.

Dialectology in Optimality Theory: The Case of Amazigh

Youcef Hdouch
Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra

Dialectology is the study of dialects, which are varieties of a language spoken by groups smaller than the total community of speakers of the language. These varieties differ along many dimensions of “language content, structure and function” (Francis (1983:1).This variation concerns the lexicon, pronunciation, grammar, usage, social function, artistic and literary expression. There is no language without variation. The latter can be either incidental or systematic. In the first case, variation affects individual linguistic items without seriously annoying the system, whereas in the second, language is greatly affected.

Variability of grammars is the concern of both dialectology and typology. Therefore, the focus here is on the typologically relevant issue of what phonological features characterize each group of dialects. The study is based on evidence drawn from comparing two aspects of Berber dialects of the south and of the north-namely, syllable structure and spirantisation. From these facts, specific requirements for an architecture of grammar follow: a grammar must allow for variable outputs and preference directions. How these requirements can be satisfied within an Optimality-theoretic framework is the subject of the present study.

ISBN 9783862880249. Languages of the World 42. 46pp. 2011.

MAKING VERBS HAPPEN

INTERVIEWS ON GREEK VERB ENDINGS

Chariton Charitonidis
Universität zu Köln

The aim of this study is to give the semantic profile of the Greek verb-deriving suffixes -íz(o), -én(o), -év(o), -ón(o), -(i)áz(o), and -ín(o), with a special account of the ending -áo/-ó. The patterns presented are the result of an empirical analysis of data extracted from extended interviews conducted with 28 native Greek speakers in Athens, Greece in February 2009. Rochelle's Lieber's (2004) morphological system is used as a theoretical framework.

The analysis suggests (i) a sign-based treatment of affixes, (ii) a vertical preference structure in the semantic structure of the head suffixes which takes into account the semantic make-up of the bases, and (iii) the integration of socio-expressive meaning into verb structures.

ISBN 9783862881796. Languages of the World 43. 60pp. 2011.

Some Issues in Gujarati Phonology

Bharati Modi

This work is an attempt to study some salient features of Gujarati Phonology; especially of a standard dialect of the language. The work began by collection of the phonic substance of the language. No predecided, prefixed, theory or methodological frame was considered as a model. Only predecided part of the study was to stress the importance of phonetics in phonology, and to give weightage to the perception of the language users. The phonetic variation at the production end and the phonemes at the perception end are irresistibly challenging topics in the field of phonology.

The study has concentrated on some aspects of vowel phonology: the specific features of Gujarati vowel system has compelled me to do so.

One such feature of vowels makes them vulnerable to prosodies. Speech has its own musical score ranging from definite articules to laryngeal prosodies. Vowels with the optimal manifestation of voice create the vocalic continuum. The murmur prosody in Gujarati is the most interesting peculiarity of such continuum. It was noted that almost 50% of Gujarati speakers speak with a kind of phonation which inhibits murmuredness. Tomograms are provided to show the difference between two phonations types.

The issue of Gujarati having six vowel phonemes or eight is discussed in detail to show that variations in mid-vowels pose a theoretical question as to when does a feature serve as a contrastive feature phonemically.

Another pertinent feature of Gujarati vowel is nasalization. Various nasality manifestations are discussed here.

The dynamics of processes such as murmur, lowering of the vowels, nasalization call for the syllabication of the language.

The work concludes by attempting to give some rules (for the prosodies and processes) following dependency phonology and autosegmental phonology.

ISBN 9783862884216 (Hardbound). Languages of the World 44. 274pp. 2013.