El libro completo del acento ortográfico español

Para que se usa y en que palabras exactamente se encuentra. Manual con ejercicios

Richard V. Teschner
University of Texas, El Paso

ELCAO (El libro completo del acento ortográfico español: Para qué se usa y en qué palabras exactamente se encuentra. Manual con ejercicios) se basa en el contenido de Teschner y Ewton 1996 (El triple diccionario de la lengua española) y pretende presentar la primera lista completa de todas las entradas del léxico español que se atildan (junto con nombre de pila, apellidos y topónimos). El libro contiene trece apéndices, diez de los cuales consisten en listas inversas y luego ordenadas normalmente de todas las palabras que se escriben con á/é/í/ó/ú. Además, y en un prefacio narrativo de 28 páginas, ELCAO explica y ejemplifica ampliamente todas las reglas de la acentuación ortográfica española--tanto las basadas en la fonología como las basadas en la gramática--y luego permite que el usuario evalúe su conocimiento de las reglas en siete ejercicios completos.

Aparte, ELCAO ofrece análisis estadísticos exhaustivos de dónde se usa la tilde y en qué tipos de palabras aparece--hiáticas, sobresdrújulas, esdrújulas, llanas y agudas--a la vez que analiza el grado de predominio de cada uso. También investiga cómo se emplea la tilde en las formas flexionales del verbo y en qué medida alternan el análisis estadístico ya establecido. En fin, la meta de ELCAO es de proveer un solo libro de consulta que pueda ser empleado provechosamente por cualquier persona que desee entender y dominar la siempre escurridiza tilde española.

ISBN 9783895866265. LINCOM Studies in Romance Linguistics 17. 200pp. 2000.

Pronominal Address in Honduran Spanish

Amanda Castro
Colorado State University

This volume presents the findings of an empirical examination of the Honduran Ladino culture. This study has found that there are in Honduras different rules for pronominal address that correspond to differences in the gender and social class of the speakers. Thus, there are different rules for men and women, as well as for members of the middle and lower classes. Other factors influencing the choice of pronoun are: the age and education of the interlocutors, the type of relationship existing between them (i.e., friendship, collegial, or kinship), the topic of conversation, their relative social power, the situation and the setting in which the interaction takes place, and the emotional and/or pragmatic meanings encoded in the pronouns.

The choice of pronouns at any given moment is generally affected by several of these factors, making it difficult to isolate any single factor, thus allowing for more predictability in the norms of pronominal address. In addition, there exist some co-occurrence rules that determining the appropriateness of a given pronoun in the utterance. Finally, this volume pays special attention to the different semantic and pragmatic functions fulfilled by switching from one pronoun to another. Thus, establishing that pronominal switching can, indeed, be considered as an instance of code-switching as a conversational strategy.

ISBN 9783895866555. LINCOM Studies in Romance Linguistics 18. 200pp. 2000.

An Introduction to Italian Dialectology

Gianrenzo P. Clivio, Marcel Danesi & Sara Maida-Nicol
University of Toronto

The immense linguistic wealth of Italy, reflecting her varied and multicentered history, is represented not only by its literary language -- the medium forged by Dante, Petrarch and Boccaccio, and adopted by countless other great writers -- but also by its many regional and local dialects, often so different from common Italian as to constitute in practice separate languages.

The object of this book is to describe and, in as much as possible, account for the linguistic fragmentation of modern Italy, keeping in mind both diatopic and diastratic variation, along with diachrony and synchrony. Numerous maps serve as concrete illustration.

Like any science, dialectology is based on observation, identification, description, experimental investigation, and theoretical explanation of phenomena. It does not make blanket statements about what is "good grammar," as do the grammars taught in schools. It is not a normative, or prescriptive, approach to language; it is descriptive. Indeed, it studies not only standard usage, but variation of all kinds, geographical and social, in the use of language. It is concerned with the structure of languages (or dialects), with how language is used in society, how it is learned, and how and why it changes over time.

Some of the Italian dialects form the speech of a single village or small town, others are in use in metropolis such as Milan and Naples, and a very few others still have achieved the status of a regional language, as is the case of Piedmontese. All of them, however, are well worthy of scientific study, from both a diachronic and synchronic standpoint, for each one is a modern and original form of Latin, as it evolved locally, partly under the influence of various external factors, such as substratum and superstratum languages, and complex socio-historical factors. In the North of the Country, there stands out a compact and generally mutually intelligible vast group of dialects, collectively labelled Gallo-Italic, which in many ways are more akin to Gallo-Romance than to Tuscan Italian. The authors demonstrate that Gallo-Italic should be classified separately from Italo-Romance, which begins south of the famous La Spezia-Rimini line, and be granted the status of a separate Romance language, at least in the sense that Franco-Provençal and Rhaeto-Romansch generally are, not to mention the equally highly fragmented Sardinian.

The Tuscan dialects, the basis of the literary language, are conspicuous more by the absence of certain features, e.g. metaphony, than by the presence of any of their own: only their conservative character vis-à-vis Latin makes them strikingly unique. Together with Tuscan go the Corsican dialects and the modern vernacular of the city of Rome (which, in its older phase, was instead akin to the Neapolitan type). South of the Ancona-Rome line, Neapolitan is the best known dialect, the vehicle of an important literature and of immensely popular songs, though it never developed into the regional koine it might have become in the days of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Calabria and Sicily remain linguistically fragmented, though mutual intelligibility among different varieties does not by and large constitute a problem. A technologically trail blazing linguistic atlas of Sicily is now underway, as is a new atlas of Italy as a whole. Other important tools for the study of the Italian dialects are underway.

ISBN 9783895866562 (Hardcover). LINCOM Studies in Romance Linguistics 19. 240pp. 2011.

An Introduction to Italian Dialectology

Gianrenzo P. Clivio, Marcel Danesi & Sara Maida-Nicol
University of Toronto

The immense linguistic wealth of Italy, reflecting her varied and multicentered history, is represented not only by its literary language -- the medium forged by Dante, Petrarch and Boccaccio, and adopted by countless other great writers -- but also by its many regional and local dialects, often so different from common Italian as to constitute in practice separate languages.

The object of this book is to describe and, in as much as possible, account for the linguistic fragmentation of modern Italy, keeping in mind both diatopic and diastratic variation, along with diachrony and synchrony. Numerous maps serve as concrete illustration.

Like any science, dialectology is based on observation, identification, description, experimental investigation, and theoretical explanation of phenomena. It does not make blanket statements about what is "good grammar," as do the grammars taught in schools. It is not a normative, or prescriptive, approach to language; it is descriptive. Indeed, it studies not only standard usage, but variation of all kinds, geographical and social, in the use of language. It is concerned with the structure of languages (or dialects), with how language is used in society, how it is learned, and how and why it changes over time.

Some of the Italian dialects form the speech of a single village or small town, others are in use in metropolis such as Milan and Naples, and a very few others still have achieved the status of a regional language, as is the case of Piedmontese. All of them, however, are well worthy of scientific study, from both a diachronic and synchronic standpoint, for each one is a modern and original form of Latin, as it evolved locally, partly under the influence of various external factors, such as substratum and superstratum languages, and complex socio-historical factors. In the North of the Country, there stands out a compact and generally mutually intelligible vast group of dialects, collectively labelled Gallo-Italic, which in many ways are more akin to Gallo-Romance than to Tuscan Italian. The authors demonstrate that Gallo-Italic should be classified separately from Italo-Romance, which begins south of the famous La Spezia-Rimini line, and be granted the status of a separate Romance language, at least in the sense that Franco-Provençal and Rhaeto-Romansch generally are, not to mention the equally highly fragmented Sardinian.

The Tuscan dialects, the basis of the literary language, are conspicuous more by the absence of certain features, e.g. metaphony, than by the presence of any of their own: only their conservative character vis-à-vis Latin makes them strikingly unique. Together with Tuscan go the Corsican dialects and the modern vernacular of the city of Rome (which, in its older phase, was instead akin to the Neapolitan type). South of the Ancona-Rome line, Neapolitan is the best known dialect, the vehicle of an important literature and of immensely popular songs, though it never developed into the regional koine it might have become in the days of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Calabria and Sicily remain linguistically fragmented, though mutual intelligibility among different varieties does not by and large constitute a problem. A technologically trail blazing linguistic atlas of Sicily is now underway, as is a new atlas of Italy as a whole. Other important tools for the study of the Italian dialects are underway.

ISBN 9783862880416 (Paperback). LINCOM Studies in Romance Linguistics 19. 240pp. 2011.

Variation grammaticale et langue minoritaire

le cas des pronoms clitiques en français ontarien


Terry Nadasdi
University of Alberta

L'objectif principal de ce livre est d'examiner le système pronominal du français ontarien. Nous nous intéressons tout particulièrement à étudier l'influence éventuelle de la restriction dans l'emploi du français sur l'emploi des pronoms clitiques de cette variété. Dans une perspective sociolinguistique (labovienne), nous examinons également le rôle de différents facteurs linguistiques qui pourraient entrer en corrélation avec la présence/absence des clitiques.

Dans un premier temps, nous présentons une analyse linguistique des clitiques qui nous mène à conclure que ces éléments sont des affixes verbaux. Etant donné que des recherches précédentes démontrent que les affixes sont employés peu souvent par les locuteurs dont l'emploi de la langue est restreint, nous examinons l'hypothèse d'après laquelle les clitiques seront employés moins souvent parmi ces même locuteurs.

La première alternance que nous examinons a trait à l'emploi variable d'un clitique sujet dans une proposition qui contient déjà un sujet lexical. Par exemple, "mon père (il) parle". Nos résultats suggèrent que la variante redoublée se trouve moins souvent dans le parler des locuteurs dont l'emploi du français est restreint. L'analyse quantitative de cette structure révèle qu'il existe également un nombre important de facteurs linguistiques qui conditionnent l'emploi des sujets redoublés.

Ensuite, nous considérons l'emploi des pronoms objet direct et indirect. Dans les deux cas, les locuteurs alternent entre un pronom clitique et un pronom fort. Nos résultats démontrent que même si les locuteurs continuent à utiliser les formes clitiques, ils ont un taux relativement élevé de formes fortes. Nous avons aussi relevé des exemples où, contrairement à la grammaire du français standard, aucun pronom objet n'est utilisé. Encore une fois, nous attribuons ce résultat à une prédilection pour les formes non-liées parmi les locuteurs restreints.

Finalement, nous abordons la question de l'origine de l'emploi réduit des pronoms clitiques dans le parler des locuteurs restreints. Deux types d'explication sont prises en considération: a) l'interférence de la langue de contact, l'anglais, et b) la restructuration intrasystémique. Nous démontrons que bien que l'anglais puisse être à l'origine d'une réduction dans l'emploi des pronoms clitiques, il est tout aussi possible d'expliquer cette réduction en termes de régularisation et de simplification.

ISBN 9783895868917. LINCOM Studies in Romance Linguistics 20. 200pp. 2000.

Introduction to French Linguistics
Claude Vandeloise & Frank A. Anselmo
Louisiana State University

This textbook targets advanced undergraduate students and graduate students in French Departments in the United States. Most of the time, this introductory course is the first contact of the students with linguistics.

Therefore, the book will provide, through the study of French linguistics, the main concepts of general linguistics. Very often, linguistic textbooks are at pain to contrast linguistics with normative grammar and to provide the best formal criterion, morphological or distributional, as opposed to the notional criteria of school grammars, to define the grammatical categories of noun, word or subject. Written in the framework of Cognitive Grammar, a more recent approach to linguistics, this book takes a more conciliatory position.

Indeed, according to Cognitive Grammar, linguistic categories are not defined by one necessary and sufficient condition like mathematical categories but by a set of characteristic features. Prototypical members share all the characteristics while marginal members may violate some properties and are connected to the category by a family resemblance. Therefore, notional and formal criteria contribute to the definition of the main concepts in linguistics. Thus, the student learns all the criteria advocated by the different linguistic schools without having the painful impression of entering a battlefield where her/his first task is to forget what (s)he had been taught before.

In the first lessons, French will be located in space, compared to the typology of other languages, and in time, compared to Latin and to the different phases of its evolution. The student will realize that French, typically described as an agglutinative language with a subject-verb-object word order, shares, in its less canonical aspects, characteristics with different types of languages. For example, in contrast to the typical word order in 'Ferdinand mange sa soupe', the sentence 'Ferdinand la mange' illustrates a subject-object-verb word order. Afterwards, the main steps in the history of French linguistics will be presented: the French Academy, Vaugelas, Port-Royal (XVIIth century), the Encyclopedia (XVIIIth century) and Ferdinand de Saussure (beginning of the XXth century).

Rather than a shallow exhaustive presentation of the structures of French, the main part of the book will select a few "causes célèbres" in French linguistics. In phonology, particular attention will be paid to nasal vowels, schwa or 'e' caduc and liaison. In morphology, the book will focus on the feminine of adjectives and on compound nouns and synapsies. The syntax section will delve on the place of adjectives, before or behind the noun; on the syntax of the pronouns y and en and on the syntax of presentatives in 'il y a un arbre/c'est un arbre'. In contrast with most textbooks, a fourth section will be devoted to the semantic study of French. As an illustration of polysemy, the students will be presented with the case of the preposition 'de'. As a partitive article, 'de' may also introduce mass terms. The book will finish with an analysis of the conjonction 'mais', which will introduce the students to pragmatics and the analysis of discourse.

ISBN 9783895867804. LINCOM Studies in Romance Linguistics 21. 240pp. 2001.

Gramáticas en Contacto

José Luis Blas Arroyo
Universidad Jaume I

La monografia representa un intento de adaptación empírica y teórica al contexto bilingüe catalán-español del llamado modelo comparatista, ideado por Shana Poplack para la desambiguación de los fenómenos de contacto de lenguas, tema especialmente polémico en la bibliografía especializada. La principal novedad de la investigación radica en ser la primera vez que se aplican tales principios al análisis de dos lenguas tan próximas tipológicamente, como las que aquí nos ocupan.

A partir del paradigma variacionista, en el que se inspira el modelo, el autor analiza el estatus de los sustantivos de origen etimológico español en contexto lingüístico catalán, una de las formas más habituales del discurso bilingüe en este ámbito sociolingüístico. La hipótesis de partida es que la gramática de tales elementos léxicos puede determinarse a través del estudio exhaustivo de sus patrones cuantitativos de variabilidad gramatical, independientemente de que exhiban o no muestras de integración lingüística superficiales. Para ello, el modelo contrastivo compara esos patrones con los de otros tres grupos de sustantivos (catalanes en contexto catalán y de origen español en contexto monolingüe y en cambios de código inequívocos, respectivamente) a partir de ciertas áreas de la sintaxis nominal, como la determinación y la complementación. Los paradigmas de ambas representan alternativamente puntos de coincidencia y de conflicto estructural entre las dos lenguas romances en contacto. La principal conclusión del estudio, en consonancia con la alcanzada en investigaciones similares en otros ámbitos bilingües, es que los sustantivos que son objeto de análisis muestran la misma gramática que los nombres catalanes, y diferente a la manifestada por los demás sustantivos de origen etimológico español. En suma, ello demuestra que nos hallamos ante manifestaciones de préstamo léxico y no de cambio de código (code-switching), como algunos investigadores han propuesto en ocasiones.

ISBN 9783895866694. LINCOM Studies in Romance Linguistics 23. 180pp. 2000.

La morfopragmática del español

Monica Cantero
Berry College

La morfopragmática es la parte de la morfología que trata de los hablantes y los oyentes. El acercamiento a la investigación de la estructura de las palabras que exploramos aquí representa una convergencia de diferentes estudios de investigación. Uno es la teoría de la morfología y el lexicón (Aronoff 1976, 1994), Bauer (1983); otro se centra en la investigación de las propiedades psicológicas del lenguaje (Sperber y Wilson 1986) y el empleo de los procesos cognitivos en la teoría morfológica (Bybee 1985); y en último lugar, el estudio de los efectos y significados pragmáticos generales como resultado de la aplicación de las reglas morfológicas (Dressler y Barbaressi 1987), (Dressler y Kiefer 1990) y (Haverkate 1990).

Nos interesa llevar a cabo un examen de las motivaciones pragmáticas en las estrategias productivas empleadas por el hablante de una lengua con el propósito concreto de rear/reflejar lo mejor posible sus intenciones comunicativas cuando hace uso de las RFP (reglas de formación de palabras) para manipular un (nuevo) concepto/significado en la lengua. Es un reflejo de los procesos mentales que determinan cómo el usuario de la lengua es capaz de combinar forma y significado englobados en cualquiera de los formatos usuales de las reglas morfológicas. Para nuestro propósito, de esta manera explicitado, se ha recogido un corpus de datos que caracteriza morfológicamente usos creativos de formación de nuevo léxico en el español peninsular, el español de los estados norteamericanos de New Mexico, Texas y Colorado, el llamado junk Spanish y marcas comerciales norteamericanas. Estableceremos una relación que sirva para explicar la conexión que se produce entre el output de una RFP y la interpretación recibida por el oyente, así como la implicación del hablante en el proceso de aplicación de las RFP.

ISBN 9783895869921. LINCOM Studies in Romance Linguistics 24. 240pp. 2002.

Vowel Raising in Spanish Historical Phonology

A feature geometry analyis

Lucía I. Llorente
Berry College

This work addresses the raising effect that a palatal glide had upon the stressed vowel of the preceding syllable, a process which happened in the development from Late Latin to Old Spanish. This effect is particularly visible in the lack of diphthongization of mid-open stressed vowels, which, under normal conditions, would undergo a process of diphthongization. All Late Latin vowels, however, except for the highest ones, undergo raising one degree. This "irregular" development of vowels has been traditionally linked to the presence of a palatal glide in the environment, and this study follows the traditional analysis, but tries to integrate it within the recent phonological framework of Feature Geometry, which has been proved to be an ideal model to describe assimilation processes. In particular, it follows Jung's (1991) hierarchical representation, focusing on the structure of the place node. In order to describe vowels, Jung makes use of the standard features [high], [low], and [ATR], placing them under what he calls the "vertical" node.

When analyzing the raising process using the tools provided by Jung's work, two processes are possited. On the one hand, the lack of diphthongization of mid-open stressed vowels is attributed to the spreading of the feature [+ATR] from the glide onto the preceding stressed vowel. On the other, in order to explain the raising undergone by /e/ and /o/ on some occasions the notion of parasitic harmony (as described in Cole (1991)) is used. The feature that is considered to be under assimilation in this case is [+high], but the process only happens when the trigger (the glide) and the target (the preceding vowel) share a contextual feature, which, in the present case, is the specification for [+ATR]. This second process is sometimes blocked, because the intervening consonants are specified for the feature [+high], which is the one being spread. In order to explain the behavior of /a/ in the presence of the palatal glide, the notion of strict adjacency is brought into the picture. Only in this situation does /a/ undergo raising.

ISBN 9783895864414. LINCOM Studies in Romance Linguistics 25. 220pp. 2001.

The Pronunciation of Brazilian Portuguese

James P. Giangola


Faced with Portuguese words and phrases in writing, how does one pronounce them as a Brazilian would? Unfortunately for non-native speakers, the Portuguese spelling system presumes prior knowledge of particular phonological and morphological principles, unlike the more closely phonetic sound-spelling system of Spanish. The Pronunciation of Brazilian Portuguese addresses this problem. Sound-spelling correspondence rules are exemplified via carefully organized word sets accompanied by phonetic transcriptions.

This resource is intended for students of Portuguese and the Romance language family, linguists, speech technology scientists, business people, travelers, and anyone interested in knowing what it is that Brazilians do to sound Brazilian. It is thorough in its coverage of formal, colloquial, and non-standard patterns. Content ranges from the pronunciation of specific consonants, vowels, and diphthongs, to syllabification, connected speech, word stress, and rhythm. In addition, one chapter reviews written accent rules, another a spelling reform that has been proposed but not yet legislated. Two word-list appendices are devoted to the single most difficult area of pronunciation for non-native-speakers: stressed e and o. Two other appendices focus on non-standard, regional patterns.

ISBN 9783895864469. LINCOM Studies in Romance Linguistics 26. 248pp. 2001.